Dual signature

A dual signature combines a personal electronic signature with an organisational seal on one document under eIDAS, covering intent and origin.

A dual signature combines a personal electronic signature with an organisational seal on the same document: the person commits to the content (expression of will), the organisation vouches for origin and integrity. Add a qualified timestamp and the moment is fixed too. Note that 'dual signature' is a practical design pattern, not a term defined in eIDAS itself; a seal can never replace a natural person's own signature, since only an individual can express legal intent.

The pattern fits documents where both accountabilities matter: a diploma (examiner signs, institution seals), a medical statement (physician signs, hospital seals), an offer (director signs, company seals). Technically these are simply multiple signatures on one document; validation reports each independently.